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Nos travaux portent sur la valorisation des substrats issus de la biomasse. Nous intéressons plus particulièrement à la valorisation des glycosides cyanogènes qui sont trouvés en grande quantité dans les graines de lin ainsi que dans les noyaux d’abricots.
Un autre axe est la mise au point de nouvelles méthodes de modifications de glucides en mettant en jeu des procédés plus respectueux de l’environnement, notamment par voie micro-onde et mécanochimie en évitant l’utilisation de groupements protecteurs. Nous nous intéressons plus spécifiquement dans ce cadre, à la synthèse de C-glycosides.
Pseudomonas PA14H7: Identification and Quantification of the 7-Hydroxytropolone Iron Complex as an Active Metabolite against Dickeya, the Causal Agent of Blackleg on the Potato Plant |
Copper-uptake mediated by an ecofriendly zwitterionic ionic liquid: A new challenge for a cleaner bioeconomy |
Improving the environmental compatibility of enzymatic synthesis of sugar-based surfactants using green reaction media |
Chemical Evaluation, Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities of Organic Extract and Semi-Purified Fractions of the Adriatic Sea Fan, Eunicella cavolini |
Amide Synthesis by Transamidation of Primary Carboxamides |
New biobased-zwitterionic ionic liquids: efficiency and biocompatibility for the development of sustainable biorefinery processes |
Marine Natural Products with High Anticancer Activities |
Secondary Metabolites from Gorgonian Corals of the Genus Eunicella: Structural Characterizations, Biological Activities, and Synthetic Approaches |
Solvent- and catalyst-free transamidations of unprotected glycosyl carboxamides |
Straightforward extraction and selective bioconversion of high purity chitin from Bombyx eri larva: Toward an integrated insect biorefinery |
Solid-phase synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer nanolabels: Affinity tools for cellular bioimaging of glycans |
The effect of room temperature ionic liquids on the selective biocatalytic hydrolysis of chitin via sequential or simultaneous strategies |
Synthesis and Applications of Silyl 2-Methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfinates in Preparative Silylation and GC-Derivatization Reactions of Polyols and Carbohydrates |
Glycochemical Applications of Diels-Alder Reaction |
Ligand-free Pd-catalyzed and copper-assisted C-H arylation of quinazolin-4-ones with aryl iodides under microwave heating |
Cu/Pd-Catalyzed C-2-H Arylation of Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones with (Hetero)aryl Halides |
Scalable asymmetric synthesis of a key fragment of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitors |
Mechanistic studies of highly regioselective decarboxylative-prenyl migration reactions of prenyloxycarbonyl-diketo-dioxinones |
Soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP), such as Pectobacterium and Dickeya, are phytopathogenic agents responsible for blackleg disease on several crops, such as potatoes, affecting the yield and depressing the seed production quality. However, neither conventional nor biocontrol products are available on the market to control this disease. In this study Pseudomonas PA14H7, a bacteria isolated from potato rhizosphere, was selected as a potential antagonist agent against Dickeya solani. In order to understand the mechanism involved in this antagonism, we managed to identify the main active molecule(s) produced by PA14H7. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) of PA14H7 cultures were extracted and analyzed using LC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR. We further correlated the biological activity against Dickeya solani of extracted CFS-PA14H7 to the presence of 7-hydroxytropolone (7-HT) complexed with iron. In a second time, we have synthesized this molecule and determined accurately using LC-UV, LC-MS, and GC-MS that, after 48 h incubation, PA14H7 released, in its CFS, around 9 mg/L of 7-HT. The biological activities of CFS-PA14H7 vs. synthetic 7-HT, at this concentration, were evaluated to have a similar bacteriostatic effect on the growth of Dickeya solani. Even if 7-HT is produced by other Pseudomonas species and is mostly known for its antibacterial and antifungal activities, this is the first description of its involvement as an effective molecule against pectinolytic bacteria. Our work opens the way for the comprehension of the mode of action of PA14H7 as a biocontrol agent against potato blackleg.
This study aims to investigate the ability of an imidazolium biobased Zwitterionic Ionic Liquids (ZILs) in enhancing the phytoavailability of copper from garden (G) and vineyard (V) soils using the model plant ryegrass. Uncontaminated and artificially contaminated CuSO4 soils, unamended and ZIL-amended soil modalities were designed. The copper/ZIL molar ratio (1/4) introduced was rationally established based on molecular modeling and on the maximal copper concentration in artificially contaminated soil. Higher accumulation of copper in the shoots was detected for the uncontaminated and copper contaminated ZIL amended V soils (18.9 and 23.3 mg.kg−1, respectively) contrary to G soils together with a ZIL concentration of around 3% w/w detected by LC-MS analyses. These data evidenced a Cu-accumulation improvement of 38 and 66% compared to non-amended V soils (13.6 and 13.9 mg.kg−1 respectively). ZIL would be mainly present under Cu(II)-ZIL4 complexes in the shoots. The impact on the chemical composition of shoot were also studied. The results show that depending on the soils modalitity, the presence of free copper and/or ZIL led to different chemical compositions in lignin and monomeric sugar contents. In the biorefinery context, performances of enzymatic hydrolysis of shoots were also related to the presence of both ZIL and copper under free or complex forms. Ecotoxicity assessment of the vineyard soil samples indicated that the quantity of copper and ZIL remaining in the soils had no significant toxicity. ZIL amendment in a copper-contaminated soil was demonstrated as being a promising way to promote the valorization of phytoremediation plants.
The organic carbamates and carbonates are highly desirable compounds that have found a wide range of applications in drug design, medicinal chemistry, material science, and the polymer industry. The development of new catalytic carbonate and carbamate forming reactions, which employ carbon dioxide as a cheap, green, abundant, and easily available reagent, would thus represent an ideal substitution for existing methods. In this review, the advancements in the catalytic conversion of allylic and propargylic alcohols and amines to corresponding five-membered cyclic carbonates and carbamates are summarized. Both the metal- and the organocatalyzed methods are reviewed, as well as the proposed mechanisms and key intermediates of the illustrated carbonate and carbamate forming reactions.
The enzymatic synthesis of sugar-based surfactants is often performed in non-conventional media that do not meet any longer the current environmental acceptability, especially for biodegradability and cytotoxicity. In this work, we propose innovative sustainable routes by replacing the current reference organic solvent, 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) by either 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF), an agrosolvent, or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one (MeTHF-3-one), a food-grade ingredient used as solvent. These two neoteric solvents were thus evaluated as reaction media via a lipase-catalyzed esterification of glucose by lauric acid and revealed a novel matter of interest. The regioselectivity of the reaction was mainly directed toward the primary alcohol of glucose maintaining the end-product obtained in 2M2B: D-glucose-6-O-laurate. The PLS-Surface Response Design evidenced enzymatic performances in ester production of 48% in MeTHF and 79% in MeTHF-3-one. The latter solvent resulted not only in better yields compared to 2M2B, but also in an increased enzymatic stability, allowing better reuse of the catalyst. MeTHF-3-one has been shown to be readily biodegradable according to OECD standards. Herein, this solvent has been substantiated for the first time as a green medium in an efficient, selective and sustainable enzymatic synthesis of sugar esters.
Due to sedentary lifestyle and harsh environmental conditions, gorgonian coral extracts are recognized as a rich source of novel compounds with various biological activities, of interest to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The presented study aimed to perform chemical screening of organic extracts and semi-purified fractions obtained from the common Adriatic gorgonian, sea fan, Eunicella cavolini (Koch, 1887) and explore its abilities to exert different biological effects in vitro. Qualitative chemical evaluation revealed the presence of several classes of secondary metabolites extended with mass spectrometry analysis and tentative dereplication by using Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking online platform (GNPS). Furthermore, fractions F4 and F3 showed the highest phenolic (3.28 +/- 0.04 mg GAE/g sample) and carotene (23.11 +/- 2.48 mg beta-CA/g sample) content, respectively. The fraction F3 inhibited 50% of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-yl) sulfonic acid) radicals at the concentrations of 767.09 +/- 11.57 and 157.16 +/- 10.83 microg/mL, respectively. The highest anti-inflammatory potential was exhibited by F2 (IC50 = 198.70 +/- 28.77 microg/mL) regarding the inhibition of albumin denaturation and F1 (IC50 = 254.49 +/- 49.17 microg/mL) in terms of soybean lipoxygenase inhibition. In addition, the most pronounced antiproliferative effects were observed for all samples (IC50 ranging from 0.82 +/- 0.14-231.18 +/- 46.13 microg/mL) against several carcinoma cell lines, but also towards non-transformed human fibroblasts pointing to a generally cytotoxic effect. In addition, the antibacterial activity was tested by broth microdilution assay against three human pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The latter was the most affected by fractions F2 and F3. Finally, further purification, isolation and characterization of pure compounds from the most active fractions are under investigation.
The amide functionality is one of the most important and widely used groups in nature and in medicinal and industrial chemistry. Because of its importance and as the actual synthetic methods suffer from major drawbacks, such as the use of a stoichiometric amount of an activating agent, epimerization and low atom economy, the development of new and efficient amide bond forming reactions is needed. A number of greener and more effective strategies have been studied and developed. The transamidation of primary amides is particularly attractive in terms of atom economy and as ammonia is the single byproduct. This review summarizes the advancements in metal-catalyzed and organocatalyzed transamidation methods. Lewis and Brønsted acid transamidation catalysts are reviewed as a separate group. The activation of primary amides by promoter, as well as catalyst- and promoter-free protocols, are also described. The proposed mechanisms and key intermediates of the depicted transamidation reactions are shown.
A new family of biobased-zwitterionic ionic liquids (ZILs) have been synthesized starting from the renewable resource l-histidine natural amino acid and varying the lengths of the alkyl chains. These ZIL derivatives were firstly studied for their biocompatibility with different microorganisms including bacteria, molds and yeast. The obtained MIC values indicated that all the microorganisms were 5 to 25 times more tolerant to ZIL derivatives than the robust 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2mim][OAc] used as a reference. Modeling studies also revealed that the presence of the cation and the anion on the same skeleton together with the length of the N-alkyl chain would govern the biocompatibility of these neoteric solvents. Among the different synthesized ZILs, the N,N′-diethyl derivative has been demonstrated to be a suitable eco-alternative to the classically used [C2mim][OAc] for efficient pretreatment of harwood sawdust leading to a significant improvement of enzymatic saccharification. In addition, with up to a 5% w/v concentration in the culture medium, ZILs did not induce deleterious effects on fermentative yeast growth nor ethanol production.
The transamidation reactions of unprotected mono- and disaccharidic carboxamides with various primary and secondary arylic, heterocyclic or aliphatic amines are described. This new method is green and atom efficient and gives good to high yields. Notably, the conditions do not require either a solvent or a catalyst and give ammonia as a single by-product. The described coupling reaction is compatible with a variety of functional groups and was used in the synthesis of various glycosidic derivatives and biologically relevant glycolipids. A plausible reaction mechanism involving an intermolecular H-bond activation of the starting carboxamides is proposed.
Chitins of different purity grades (45%, 89.7% and 93.3%) were efficiently extracted from Bombyx eri larva and fully physico-chemically characterized. Compared to commercially available and extracted α-chitin from shrimp shell, the collected data showed that insect chitins had similar characteristics in terms of crystallographic structures (α-chitin), thermal stability and degree of acetylation (>87%). The major differences lay in the crystallinity indexes (66% vs 75% for shrimp chitin) and in the morphological structures. Furthermore, low ash contents were determined for the insect chitins (1.90% vs 21.73% for shrimp chitin), making this chitin extraction and purification easier, which is highly valuable for an industrial application. Indeed, after only one step (deproteinization), the obtained chitin from Bombyx eri showed higher purity grade than the one extracted from shrimp shells under the same conditions. Insect chitins were then subjected to room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) pretreatment prior to enzymatic degradation and presented a higher enzymatic digestibility compared to commercial one whatever their purity grade and would be thus a more relevant source for the selective production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (899.2 mg/g of chitin-2 steps vs 760 mg/g of chitin com). Moreover, for the first time, the fermentescibility of chitin hydrolysates was demonstrated with Scheffersomyces stipitis used as ethanologenic microorganism.
An efficient conversion of chitin, the second most abundant renewable polymer on the Earth, into N-acetylglucosamine and N,N[prime or minute]-diacetylchitobiose, using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and commercially available chitinases is described for the first time. The sequential strategy consists of the use of RTILs to pretreat chitin under mild conditions as a first step before enzymatic hydrolysis. [C2mim][OAc] (1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium) pretreatment provides an efficient production of N-acetylglucosamine (185.0 +/- 4.0 mg per g chitin) or N,N[prime or minute]-diacetylchitobiose (667.60 +/- 20.71 mg per g chitin) catalyzed by chitinase from Trichoderma viride or Streptomyces griseus, respectively. A thorough investigation of the structural changes of chitin induced by RTIL pretreatment suggested an increase in enzymes' accessibility to the chitin substrate. Alternatively, a one-pot enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin in [C2mim][OAc]-aqueous medium constitutes a promising simultaneous route to selectively generate N-acetylglucosamine or N,N[prime or minute]-diacetylchitobiose by decreasing the required [C2mim][OAc] amount and the number of steps. Finally, the combination of the two chitinases from T. viride and S. griseus was shown to be very relevant to considerably increase the production of N-acetylglucosamine up to 760.0 +/- 0.1 mg per g chitin.
Carbohydrates and their analogs are key molecules with a wide range of biological activities. These bioactive compounds are usually synthesized through derivatization of naturally occurring carbohydrates. Nevertheless, this strategy suffers from a limited range of naturally available monosaccharide building blocks and the necessity of laborious steps of protection and deprotection. Consequently new methods began to emerge and Diels-Alder reaction appeared to be a method of choice for their de novo production. The synthesis of carbohydrates and their analogs by means of cycloaddition reactions will be reviewed here. Moreover the potentiality of the use of monosaccharides to induce chirality in Diels-Alder reaction will be presented. Efficient methods for the synthesis of di- and tri-saccharides using the developments shown previously will be also introduced.
A microwave-assisted method for the palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of quinazolin-4-one has been developed under copper-assistance. This method is applicable to a wide range of aryl iodides and substituted (2H)-quinazolin-4-ones. This protocol provides a simple and efficient way to synthesize biologically relevant 2-arylquinazolin-4-one backbones.
The asym. synthesis of a 1,3-diamine building block for the elaboration of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein inhibitors is described through two key steps: (1) a highly diastereoselective aza-Reformatsky reaction, and (2) a chemoselective amination under Mitsunobu conditions. This synthetic sequence was also demonstrated to be successfully amenable to a large-scale synthesis.
Mechanistic studies of tandem regioselective decarboxylation, prenyl transfer, and aromatization reactions of prenyl dioxinone diketo-carboxylates to provide 3-prenyl-resorcylate derivs. are described. Studies of the effects of concn. and the base employed as well as the results of cross-over expts. were all found to be consistent with the reaction proceeding largely via an intermol. reaction pathway.